第二册语法¶
目录
Lesson 1¶
陈述句的句子成分:
6 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
When? |
Who? Which? What? |
Action |
SomeoneWho? Which? What? |
How? |
Where? |
When? |
其中表示时间的词可以放在开头,也可以放在句子的结尾。
1 为主语,一般为名词或者物主代词。
2 为谓语,一般使用系动词或者实意动词。
3 为宾语,前面可以加上定语。
4 为状语
5 为补语
6 为时间状语。
Lesson 2¶
- 一般现在时与现在进行时¶
一般现在时表示习惯性动作,和频度副词连用。
often/always/sometimes/never
现在进行时也用来表示当前(一段时间)的动向
Jack is working hard these days.
He does not usually work hard.
- 感叹句¶
What + adj. + n. + 主语 + 谓语 + !
主语和谓语经常被省略:
What an interesting play(it is)!
如果没有形容词,通常表示负面含义:
What a day!
Lesson 3¶
- 一般过去时¶
一般过去时通常表示过去发生现在已经结束的事件。它通常指动作何时发生,而不指动作持续多久。因此常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
- 直接宾语与间接宾语¶
Direct object and Indirect object
直接宾语指动作涉及到的事物,间接宾语指动作对谁而作。 通常间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。
若需要强调直接宾语,可以将其放在动词后,那么在两个宾语之间需要使用介词 to
或者 for
。
send/buy/give/lend/tell/return/write/pay/teach/make/buy/find
等词可以有两个宾语。一个直接宾语(通常指物),一个间接宾语(通常指人)。
Then he lent me a book.
Then he lent a book to me.
Lesson 4¶
- 现在完成时与现在进行时¶
现在完成时关注的时间概念有时是不确定的。我们所关心的是现存的结果,或者过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的副词连用,例如: ago/yesterday。
经常和现在完成时连用的副词有: before now/so far/up to now/just/already/lately/now 。
疑问句和否定句的现在完成时经常使用: ever/yet/never/not…ever 等等
现在进行时经常用于表示短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况,因此往往不需要和时间状语连用。
例句
Have you washed the dishes yet?
I'm washing them now.
I have just made the cakes.
I am making cakes.
- 同位语¶
Appositives 一个名词或短语与另一个名词或短语并列作为其说明或者限定成分的时候,称为同位语。 同位语与它要补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。
I have just received a letter form my brother, Tim.
He has just bought a Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the center of Australia.
Lesson 6 Percy Buttons¶
- 不定冠词 a/an¶
表示不确定的某个人或者东西的时候,使用不定冠词。
表示不可数的名词时,用不定冠词加量词词组形成词组:
a glass of beer
a piece of cheese
some 表示不确定的数量,但在表示泛指的陈述句中可以省略 some 或者不定冠词
Yesterday I bought a book. Books are not very expensive.
I have just drunk a glass of milk. Milk is very refreshing.
Mrs. Jones bought a bag of flour, a bag of sugar and some tea. She always buys flour, sugar and tead at the grocer's.
some 可以用于可数或者不可数名词。
- 短语动词 (Phrasal verbs)¶
动词加上介词或者副词会改变词义。因此需要记忆整个短语。
look after, put on, take off, look for
I put your book on the shelf. I put on my hat and left the house.
A begger knocked at my door. I knocked the varse off the table and broke it.
Lesson 7 Too late¶
- 过去进行时(The past progressive tense)¶
be 的过去式 + 现在分词
过去进行时经常和一般过去时在同一个句子中连用。
正在进行的动作往往用连词 when/while/as/just as 来引导。
while 通常只引导持续时间较长的动作。主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时。
John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.
as 和 when 所在的主句和从句一般不会同时使用过去进行时。
Just as I was leving the house, you came in.
when 可以引导比较短暂的动作,while 和 as 一般不会这样使用。
We were having supper when the lights went out.
过去进行时往往和标示一段时间的状语连用。
What were you doing all evening?
- 短语动词中的小品词(The particles)¶
短语动词中的副词和介词被称为小频次。带有宾语的是介词,没有宾语的是副词。
I am looking for Tim. 介词
She looked after the baby. 介词
He put out the fire./He put the fire out. 副词
Lesson 8 The best and the worst¶
- 形容词的比较级和最高级¶
最高级的限定词一般使用 of/among/in
等介词短语。
John is the tallest of the three brothers.
限定范围也可以是从句。
Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.
范围很清楚的时候可以省略。
April is the best season.
He is always the best.
Lesson 9 The best and the worst¶
- not any 和 no¶
一般疑问句的两种否定回答形式,意思相同,但 no 比 not any 的语气要强烈。
Have you go any time?
I haven't got any time./I've got no time.
Have you seen anyone?
I'v seen no one/nobody.
I haven't seen anyone/anybody.
在一个句子中通常只能有一个否定词。
I can't get any eggs.
I can get no eggs.
一般不会说: I can’t get no eggs.
参见 不定代词
Lesson 10 Not for jazz¶
- 被动语态(The passive)¶
主动语态关注的执行动作的人或者物。被动语态注的是执行对象。
被动语态中也要使用时态规则。
现在进行时的被动语态,使用 by 来说明执行动作的人:
The instrument is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
行为主体可以不用说明出来:
The instrument is being repaired.
- 双重所有格¶
Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another¶
- 动词不定式¶
动词 + 名词/代词 + 带 to 的不定式
某些动词不定式前有一个名词或者代词,有没有这个词会影响整个句子的意义:
I want to speak to John.
I want you to speak to John.
某些动词后面用不定式作为宾语的时候,后面必须有名词或者代词,这类动词有:
allow/advise/help/teach/tell/request
Mr. Turner did not allow us to see the picture.
We were not allowed to see the picture.
He taught me to paint.
Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck¶
- 一般将来时(The simple future tense)¶
当 You and I 作为主语的时候,应该避免使用 shall。
在美国英语中较少使用 shall,用 shall 表示将来也不常用。
Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys¶
- 将来进行时(The future progressive tense)¶
will/shall + be + 现在分词
与一般将来时相比,有时表达的意思差不多。
一般将来时中的 will 带有蓄意而为的含义,表示主语的意愿、决心、许诺等等。
将来进行时只表示单纯的将来,或者只陈述将来的事实,具有一种”温和效应“ ,语气比使用 will 的时候委婉客气。
When will you finish these letter? 上司对下属,询问
When will you be seeing Mr. White? 下属对上司,询问
What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 问事实,不是问意图
I will be playing tennis.
Mary won't pay this bill. 拒绝付账,表示主观意愿
Mary won't be pqying this bill. 不会付账,表示将来的事实
Won't you join us for dinner? 主观邀请
Won't you be joining us for dinner? 将来的事实
Lesson 14 Do you speak English?¶
- 过去完成时(The simple past perfect tense)¶
“较早的过去”,表示过去某时或者某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或者情况,
常用的连词有 when/after/as soon as/until/by that time
常用的副词有 already/just/never/never … before
Lesson 15 Good News¶
- 间接引语(Indirect Speech)¶
转述动词 say/tell
可能是现在时,也可能是过去时。
tell 后面必须加讲话对象。
say + to 后面可以加也可以不加讲话对象。
提到听话者的时候,tell 比 say + to 更加常用。
引述动词是现在时,间接引语也使用现在时。
引述动词是过去时,间接引语中的时态要遵循: 现在是变为过去时,过去时变为过去完成时。
Lesson 16 A polite request¶
- 条件句(Conditional sentences)¶
主句用一般现在时,从句用将来时。这种情况下,主句中的 will 表示肯定如此或者几乎可以肯定如此。
Shall I post there lessters for you?
如果肯定程度达不到 will 的程度,或者如果想表达建议或者其他意思,可以用别的情态动词来代替 will
If it's fine tomorrow, we can/may go out.
主句还可以用祈使句预期来表示请求和建议
If you make a mistake, correct it.
If you don't like the food. don't eat it.
Lesson 17 Always young¶
- 情态动词 must¶
must 一般译为必须,必要,表示命令或强制,邀请,决心,不可推卸的责任。
have to 和 have got to 强调客观色彩,must 则表示主观色彩。
have to 和 have got to 往往可以互换。always/sometimes 连用的时候,have to 比较多用。
have got to 比 have to 更加口语化。
“难道你不能不……” 常用 “Must you …?”,而不用 “Do you have to…?”,或者“Have you got to…?”
过去时中必须使用 had to 而不能使用 must.
must 经常用来表示推测。 :
I, personally, think he is a fool. He must be a fool.
Lesson 18 He often does this!¶
- 完全动词 have¶
have 作为助动词使用的时候,表示完成时态。
have 作为完全动词使用的时候,当作”具有,拥有“的含义。
have 和 have got
通常可以互换。have got 作为”拥有,具有“的语义,用于一般现在时。
Have you got the stamps?
I haven't go t any pencils.
do 和 have
也可以使用 do/did 与 have 构成疑问句:
Do you have a pencil?
I don't have any pencils.
have 表示 eat/drink/enjoy/take/receive
此处代表行为动词,可以与其他助动词(包括 have)构成疑问句
Have/Take a cigarette, Sam.
We will have/eat dinner at senven o’clock.
Do you have a nice holiday?
Have you had a letter form Tom yet?
I didn’t have a nice holiday.
Lesson 19 Sold out¶
- 情态动词 can 与 may¶
请求别人允许或者答复的时候使用 can/could/may/might 。
can 最为常用,也最不正式;
could 比 can 表示更加「犹豫」和客气,通常在不能确定请求是否被同意的时候使用。
may 比 can 和 could 更加正式、更客气、更恭敬;
might 显得最犹豫、最客气、最恭敬。
肯定回答:
Of course you can/may. (不可用 could 或者 might)
否定回答:
No, you can't/may not. (不可用 could not 或者 might not)
may 和 might 还表示可能
确定无疑
Jane is at home now.
不敢确定
Jane is may be at home.
表示过去可能发生过的事情。
Has the post arrived yet?
It may have arrived.
Can you tell me if the boss saw my report last week?
He might have seen it, but he hasn't mentioned it.