第一册语法¶
目录
Lesson 1~2¶
一般疑问句
Lesson 3~4¶
否定句
Lesson 5~6¶
- 特殊疑问句¶
疑问词+助动词+主语+主动词 wh-question
疑问词 who, what, when,which,why,where,whose,how
例句：
What make is that char?
Lesson 11~12¶
whose引导的特殊疑问句
询问所有关系，希望得到的回答是
's形式，或者是所有格代词。whose可以做表语。
例句：Whose is this handbag?
whose后面的名词代指某件东西或者某种物质的时候可以省略。
例句：Whose (umbrella) is it?
Lesson 13~14¶
what colour(s)引导的特殊疑问句。
例句：
What color is it?
- 祈使句¶
祈使句主语通常不直接表示，谓语使用动词原形。
例句：
Follow me.
某些祈使句后跟and和另一个祈使动词，而不是使用带to的动词不定式。
例句：
Come upstairs and see it. (不用Come to see it）.
Lesson 21~22¶
问句的省略形式
Which book?
Which book do you want?
This one?
Do you want this one?
Which引导的特殊疑问句
which+名词可以询问物体（单复数）或者物质，它总是说明一种限定的、特指的选择。
Lesson 25~26¶
where 引导的特殊疑问句，表地点。回答可以是整句、短语或者单词。
Where is the refrigerator?
On the right./It's on the right.
====== Lesson 27~28 ======
- There be 结构¶
疑问形式，将be与there互换位置，句子其余部分不变
Is there a dirty fork on the plate?
Are there any ties on the floor?
否定形式，在be后面加not，not any 或者no
No, there is not a fork on the plate.
No, there aren't any ties on the floor.
Lesson 31~32¶
- 现在进行时¶
陈述句：be的现在时形式 + 现在分词
He is reading a magazine.
现在分词的规律形式
词尾直接加-ing；
以-e结尾的动词，去掉-e，再加-ing；
动词只有一个元音字母，且后跟一个辅音字母，将辅音字母双写再加-ing。
疑问句：助动词提前
Is he reading a magazine?
否定句：助动词+not
He isn't reading a magazine.
Lesson 37~38¶
- 一般将来时(The simple future tense)¶
be going to
be的现在时形态 am/is/are going to + 动词原形 。在非正式语体中，一般多用 be going to ，
而不用 will
I am going to put it on the floor.
It's going to rain!
Is it going to rain?
It isn't going to rain.
Lesson 41~42¶
- There be 结构¶
当there be结构后面接单数名字或者不可数名词时，动词be的一般现在时形式为 is；
当there be结构后面接复数名词时，动词be的一般现在时形式为 are；
当there be结构后面接并列名词，而第一个名词是单数，动词be的一般现在时形式为 is。
例句：
There is a hammer on the bookcase.
There is some tea in the cup.
There are three bottles of milk on the table.
there is a pen, two books and a knife on the desk.
Lesson 43~44¶
- 情态动词 can¶
它本身不表示动词，只表示体力或者脑力方面的能力或者客观的可能。
它必须与其它动词连用，本身没有性和数的变化。
I can see some coffee on the table.
Can Sam read this book?
can的否定形式为 can not, cannot, can't
I can't see any coffee.
He can't find the cups
Lesson 45~46¶
- 情态动词 can¶
can的疑问句形式，将can置于句首，后接句子主语和主要位于动词
Can Penny and jane wash the dishes?
Yes, they can.
can 也能与疑问句一起用在特殊疑问句中
Who can go into the boss's office?
Bob can.
What can the cat do?
It can drink its milk.
What can't she do?
She can't put her coat on.
Lesson 47~48¶
- 一般现在时¶
用于陈述现在时段发生或存在的事件、动作或行为。这些事件、动作或行为可能会无限地延续下去。但实际上，我们的意思是说“这是现在存在着的状况”
一般现在时还可以表示普遍真理以及习惯性动作。
例句：
I like black coffee.
I don't want any milk in my tea.
My father works in a bank.
I get up at 7.
The earth goes round the sun.
一般现在时中主语为第三人称单数形式时，需要在动词后面加上-s
一般现在时的否定句和疑问句使用 do/does
Do you like orange?
Yes, I do. I like oranges, but I don't want one.
Does Ann want any milk in her coffee?
No, she doesn't. She likes black coffee.
Lesson 49~50¶
- 选择疑问句¶
含有 or 的问句称为选择疑问句。or之前的部分读升调，之后的部分读降调。
这种疑问句不能简单用Yes或者No来回答。
缩略形式的选择疑问句
Beef or lamb?
无限性选择疑问句
What would you like to drink?
两项选择
Which would you prefer, tea or coffee?
三项选择
Whould you like tea, coffee, or milk?
更多例句
How shall we go, by bus or by train?
Did you go there, or didn't you?
Did you or didn't you go there?
一般现在时的第三人称单数形式
Who likes lamb?
Mrs. Bird does.
Does Mr. Bird like chicken?
No, he doesn't. He doesn't like chicken at all.
Mr. Bird likes potatoes, but Mrs. Bird doesn't.
I don't like poataoes, either.
Lesson 51~52¶
例句：
What ... (be, llo, etc.) like?
这个句型用于询问事务的状况，例如天气，气候等：
What's the wheather like today?
What's the climate in your country?
这个句型也可以询问人物或者事物的外观或特征：
What's your brother like?
what's your house like?
许多形容词可以回答 What … like? 这样的问题。
Lesson 55~56¶
- 一般现在时¶
该时态用来表示一个习惯动作、有规律的行为以及永恒的现象。一般与时间频度副词和时间短语联用。
例句：
every day/week/month/year
in the morning/afternoon/evening
at noon/night
第三人称单数的谓语动词需要加以变化
直接加-s
以-sh，-ch，-o，-s结尾的动词加-es
以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词，把-y改成-i，加-es
以元音子母机加-y结尾的动词，直接加-s
Lesson 57~58¶
- 一般现在时与现在进行时¶
一般现在时表示一般的动作或不断重复的动作；现在进行时表示说话时正在发生的动作；
一般现在时表示永久的情况；现在进行时表示暂时的情况；
一般现在时表达某个习惯性动作；现在进行时表示动作或偶尔发生的时间；
一般现在时与下面这些表示时间频度的副词连用
usually, always, often, sometimes, never
现在进行时一般与下面这些词连用
now, at the moment, today, this afternoon, this evening, tonight
Lesson 59~60¶
- 完全动词 have¶
完全动词的意义相当于“拥有”、“具有”。其疑问句、否定句、肯定句形式如下
Do you/we/they have any ...?
Yes, I/we/they have some ...
No, I/we/they do not/don't have any...
have 做 “拥有”讲时，可以用于所有的一般时态，但不能用于进行时态。
Lesson 61~62¶
- 完全动词 have¶
have 和 have got 常与表示疼痛和疾病的名词联用。have加不定冠词的情况有以下几种：
必须用不定冠词
a cold, a headache不定冠词可用可不用
catch (a) cold, have (a) backache, have (a) toothache复数形式的疾病名称前面不加冠词 measles, mumps, shingles(带状疱疹)
例句
Most children ard in bed with measles.不可数疾病名称前面不加冠词 flu(流行性感冒), gout(痛风)
例句
I was in bed with flu for ten days.the 也可以与flu, measles, mumps等词连用。
例句
He's got the flu.
- 情态动词 must¶
must 是情态助动词，本身没有时态、性的变化，也不能单独做谓语（简短回答除外）。它表示“必要性”。
Must she see a doctor, or take an aspirin?
She mustn't see a doctor. She must take an aspirin.
Lesson 63~64¶
- 禁令¶
don't 和 mustn't 都可以表示禁令。
mustn't 表示“禁止”或“不许可”，语气比较强烈。
Don't take this medicine!
You mustn't take this medicine!
Lesson 65~66¶
- 反身代词¶
宾语和主语是一个人的时候，需要用反身代词
The old lady is talking to herself.
反身代词可以与名词连用，表达“就是那个人不是别人”之意
We went there ourselves.
They wanted to finish the work themselves.
所有反身代词见 主格、宾格与所有格
Lesson 67~68¶
- 一般过去时¶
过去发生而且现在已经结束的动作用一般现在时来表示，形式与一般现在时相同，仅be动词改为过去式。
- be 的过去式¶
was wasn't（第1、3人称单数）were weren't（第2人称或复数）
Lesson 71~72¶
- 一般过去时¶
be动词之外的动词在一般过去时中有两种形式。
规则动词是在动词后加-ed；以-e结尾的规则动词则直接在后面加-d。
不规则动词的过去时拼写形式是不规则的，需要记忆。
一般过去时的句子中常出现表示过去某一时刻的时间状语。例如：
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday morning
Lesson 73~74¶
- 副词(adverb)¶
副词的本意是补充动词的意义。通过修饰动词告诉我们某事是何时、何地、如何发生或者进行的。
副词可以是单个的词（slowly）或者词组（very well）。
形容词向副词转换的三个原则：
在形容词后面直接加
-ly：quick -- qucikly hurried -- hurriedly plesant -- pleasantly warm -- warmly
以
-y结尾的形容词，把-y改成-i，再加-ly：thirsty -- thirstily happy -- happily
形容词与副词的形式相同：
late, fast, hard, well
Lesson 77~78¶
否定疑问句
表示说话者惊异的情绪，责难的口吻，赞叹的语气。也可以表示说话者的某种建议、邀请、请求或者看法。
简略否定式：
Aren’t you a student?
Isn’t it hot here?
Can’t you wait a moment?
Haven’t I asked you?
Don’t you want to stay with us?
Didn’t you see him yesterday?
完全否定式：
Are you not a student?
Is it not hot here?
Can you not wait a moment?
Have I not asked you?
Do you not want to stay with us?
Didi you not see him yesterday?
如果回答是肯定的，就用 yes，如果回答是否定的，就用 no。这类回答在翻译成汉语的时候译法有独特之处。
Don’t you know English?
你不懂英语把？
Yes, I do.
不，我懂。
Lesson 87~88¶
- 现在完成时¶
疑问式：将 has/have 提前，但不修改动词的时态
否定式：has/have + not
Lesson 89~90¶
- 现在完成时¶
现在完成时可以描述发生在过去一直延续到现在的动作，这种动作可能继续延续下去。这种情况下，它一般与 for + 一段时间、since + 某个时间点连用。
for + 一段时间
表示某个动作持续多长时间
How lone has lan Ian lived in the house?
He 's lived here for twenty years.
since + 一段时间
表示某个动作是何时开始的
Since when has been there?
Since 1976
Lesson 91~92¶
- 一般将来时(The simple future tense)¶
will/shall + 动词原形
will 可以用于所有人称，shall 仅表示纯粹将来时用于第一人称 we 和 I，作为 will 的一种替代形式。
缩写形式： will not = won't ， shall not = shan't
will 除了表示纯粹的将来时，还表示说话人的意图和意愿。而 shall 除了表示将来时外，还表示说话人的责任或决心
在口语中 be going to 比 will/shall 在使用上更加普遍，表示说话人的意图或者打算。
Lesson 95~96¶
- had better 与 must¶
had better 表示“最好还是”，“最好”，表达某种程度的忠告或者建议。
must 表示“必须”，“一定”，语气比 had better 强烈。
had better 表示现在进行时或者将来时，而不是过去式。否定形式为 had better not。
Lesson 99~100¶
- 宾语从句¶
宾语从句在句中做宾语，一般用 that 引导，但在口语中经常省略 that。
可以用在 say/think/believe/hope/know/understand/suppose 等动词之后。
可以用在某些描述感情的形容词之后： afraid/sure/sorry/glad 。
Lesson 101~102¶
- 直接引语和间接引语¶
直接引语就是直接引用说话人原来说的话。实际讲的话要放在引号之间，句尾的标点符号也要放在引号之中。
间接引语就是原话的转述。就是把说话人的原话变成宾语从句。
间接引语中，宾语从句中的动词与主句中的主要动词在时态上必须保持一致。一般来说，主要动词用现在时，间接引语中可以用现在时（包括一般过去时，现在进行时，现在完成时）和将来时。
- 反义疑问句¶
前面是一个陈述句，逗号之后是一个简略问句。反义疑问句可以用来确认自己的判断，获取真实的信息，还可以用来表示惊讶、愤怒等情感。
如果前面的陈述句是肯定句式，简略问句就要用否定句式。如果前面的陈述句是否定句式，后面的简略问句就要使用肯定句式。
He doesn’t say very much, does he? No, he doesn’t.
He say very much, doesn’t he? No, he doesn’t.
反义疑问句的回答要简略，根据事实回答。如果如果回答本身是肯定的，就用 yes，如果回答是否定的，就用 no。
Lesson 103~104¶
- too 和 enough¶
enough 的用法¶
在形容词之后使用：
He failed the exam because it wasn't easy enough.
在名词之前使用：
He didn't buy the car because he didn't have enough money.
enough … for sb./sth.
She hasn't got enough money for a holiday.
This dress isn't big enough for her.
enough … to do sth.
She's not old enough to live alone.
too 的用法¶
表示“过于”
I can't go out. It's too hot.
She couldn't answer the question because the were too difficult for her.
too … for sb./sth.
This skirt is too big for me.
It's too easy for me.
too … to do sth.
The exam was too difficult for him to pass.
The box is too heavy for you to carry.
比较 enough 和 too¶
The wall is too high for them to climb over.
这堵墙太高了，他们无法攀越过去。
The wall is low enough for them to climb over.
这堵墙矮到如此程度，以至于他们可以攀越过去。
Lesson 105~106¶
- 动词不定式¶
当一个动词被另一个动词紧跟的时候，之间必须加入 to 这个不定式符号。不定式符号后面的动词必须是原型。
动词不定式作宾语
Did you want to see me?
动词 + 名词/宾格代词 + 动词不定式
I want her to come to my office.
Tell her to come at once.
I want you to type it again.
动词不定式的否定形式
He doesn't want her to type it again.
He want her not to type it again.
Lesson 107~108¶
- 形容词的比较级和最高级¶
单音节词，末尾加 -er 和 -est
small - smaller - smallest
一个元音字母，末尾一个辅音字母结尾，双写辅音字母
big - bigger - biggest
thin - thinner - thinnest
单音节形容词以 -e 结尾，直接加 -r 和 -st
large - larger - largest
nice - nicer - nicest
以 辅音字母 + y 结尾，y 变成 i，再加 -er 和 -est
easy - easier - easiest
heavy - heavier - heaviest
两个以上音节的形容词，使用 more 和 most 相连构成比较级和最高级。
比较级用于两者之间，通常用 than 相连。比较级所指如果很清晰，也可以单独使用
This coat is longer.
最高级用于三者或者三者以上，在使用的时候必须加定冠词，并常常伴有表示范围的介词短语或者从句
That girl is the tallest student in our class.
Lesson 109~110¶
- many 和 few¶
many 和 few 用来修饰可数名词的多与少。
Have you got any mistakes?
I haven't make many.
I've made very few.
I've made more than you have.
I've made fewer than you have.
I've made the most.
I've made the fewest.
- much 和 little¶
much 和 little 用来修饰不可数名词的多与少。
Have you got any chocolate?
I haven't got much.
I've got very little.
I've got more than you have.
I've got less than you have.
I've got the most.
I've got the least.
Lesson 111~112¶
- 形容词比较级级别¶
形容词比较级的三个级别：平级比较级，较低比较级，较高比较级。
平级比较级：
as ... as
The green apple is as sweet as the red one.
The television on the left is not as expensive as the television on the right.
较高比较级：
This test is more difficult than last test.
较低比较级：
This book is less interesting than last book I'v just read.
Lesson 113~114¶
- so 和 neither¶
以 so 或者 neither 开头的简短回答使用倒装形式： So/Neither + 助动词 + 主语 。
如果前一句是肯定的，后一句就用 so 开头；如果前一句是否定的，后一句就用 neither 开头。
I'm afraid I can't.
Neither am I.
I've got some small change.
So have I.
- none¶
none 与可数/不可数名词均可以连用。
None of our passengers can change this note.
I've got none.
none 与 no + 名词
Have you got andy envolopes?
I haven't got any.
I've got no envelopes.
I've got none.
- either 和 neither¶
either 跟在否定句末作为转折，翻译为“也”。neither 则本身就有否定的含义。
I haven't any either.
Neither have I.
Lesson 117~118¶
- 过去进行时(The past progressive tense)¶
be 的过去式 + 现在分词
过去进行时和一般过去式经常在同一个句子中使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的情况或者动作，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或者事件。
过去进行时的时间状语从句一般由 when，while，just as 等来引导，说明主句中动作发生时的背景。
可以用 while 和 at the time 等强调同时进行两种或者几种动作。
- 同位语¶
紧跟在一个名词或者代词后面，进一步说明前面的名词或者代词是谁或什么东西的名词或者代词，叫做同位语。
all 来强调每一个硬币，是 them 的同位语。
We could not find them all.
其中 Tommy 是 boy 的同位语。
Our little boy, Tommy.
both 是 them 的同位语。
He put them both into his mouth.
both 是 we 的同位语。
We both tried to get the coins.
过去完成时的使用，表示两个动作中发生在前面的那个动作。
Tommy had already swallowed them!
Lesson 119~120¶
- 过去完成时(The simple past perfect tense)¶
had + 过去分词
过去完成时表示两个事件中一个发生在前，或者说表示较早的过去。
常与现在完成时连用的副词也用于过去完成时：already, ever, for + 表示时段的词, just, never，用来强调事件发生的先后次序。
After they had entered the house, they went into the dining room.
Lesson 121~122¶
- 定语从句¶
定语从句就像形容词一样起修饰作用。它位于所修饰的名词之后。
定语从句由关系代词引导，who/whom/that 修饰人，which/that 修饰物体。
关系菜地指代从句的主语或者宾语，同时又充当连接词，把主句和从句连接起来。
当主句作为宾语的时候，关系代词应该使用 whom。但在口语中经常用 who 替代 whom 。
They are the windows which the children broke yesterday.
She is the lady whom I served yesterday.
The man who I served was wearing a hat. 口语中使用 who 替代 whom 。
Lesson 123~124¶
- 定语从句¶
关系代词代表主语并且从句中的位于动词是进行时态，关系代词以及助动词 be 均可以省略。
关系代词代表宾语，关系代词可以省略。
定于从句可以用介词结尾。
The woman standing behind the counter served me.
This is the book I bought yesterday.
The man I served was wearing a hat.
That's the ship we travelled on.
That's the man I told you about.
- 一般疑问句¶
一般疑问句的否定回答。
It's not you, is it? 这不是你，对吗？
That's right. 不，是我。
Yes, it is. 那正是我。
用否定形式提问，但回答根据事实情况来决定。翻译成中文的时候，要翻译成否定语境。
Lesson 125~126¶
- must/have to/needn’t¶
must 和 have to 都可以翻译为“不得不，必须”，表示不可逃避的义务或者责任。
have to 强调客观多一些，must 则着重于说明主观看法。
have to 可以表达过去或将来的必要性，must 一般只能表达现在的必要性。
例句：
I must water the garden first.
Last summer it was very dry. I had to water it every day.
用 must 提问，只能用 needn’t 来表达否定的回答。needn’t 可以理解为 have to 的否定回答。
needn't(dont't need to) 和 don't have to 都表示不必要，
而 mustn't 却表示绝对禁止，在说话人看来没有选择余地。查看例句：
Must hse leve early? She needn't leave early.
Do you have to take a taxi? I don't have to/need to take a taxi.
Lesson 127~128¶
- must 和 can’t¶
表示猜测和推断。一般和 be 连用。 肯定的推断使用 must be ，否定的推断使用 can’t be。 不用 mustn’t。
It must be Karen Marsh.
It can't be.
- 同位语¶
反身代词作为主语 I 的同位语，加强语气。
I'm not more then twenty-nine myself.
Lesson 129~130¶
- must 和 can’t¶
不仅能表示对现在和将来的推测和判断，也可以表达对过去的推测和判断。
用 must have been 表示肯定的推断，用 can't have been 表示否定的推断。
也可以使用进行时表达对过去正在进行的动作进行判断。
Your must have been driving at seventy miles an hour.
- had better¶
用来建议将来某一具体场合采取的动作，而不用于一般情况，比 should 的语气更加待续，常带有威胁、告诫或者催促的意味。
You'd better = you had better 后面加上动词原形。
Lesson 131~132¶
- 情态动词 may¶
may 和 might 都表示“可能”、“也许”。通常可以通用。 但 might 表示的可能性比 may 要小。当情况是虚拟的时候，只能用 might 不能用 may。
may 表示现在和将来的可能性 may + 动词原形
The bread may be fresh.
He may be in his room.
may 表示过去的可能性 may + have (done)
He may have been busy.
He may have been in the garden.
比较 may/must
He is working. 确信不疑的事实。
He may be working. 对现在可能发生事情的猜测。
He must be working. 对现在所发生事情有根据的推论。
He may have been working. 对过去所发生事情的猜测。
Lesson 133~134¶
- 需改变时态的间接引语¶
间接引语中的时态常常需要往回移（backshift）。 现在时变成过去时，过去时变成过去完成时。过去时情态动词和过去完成时在转述的时候不改变时态，因为已经无法往回移。
时态的回移
can - could
may - maight
will - would
have - had
going to - would
won't - wouldn't
Lesson 135~136¶
- let¶
let 与一般动词不同，它用于 动词+宾语+动词原形 结构，后面可以接名词或者代词，再接不带 to 的动词不定式。
She lets her son play in the garden.
Let me introduce him to you.
Lesson 137~138¶
- 第一类条件句¶
if + 一般现在时 + 将来时（或者情态助动词）
表示事情可能会或者不会发生，if 引导的是从句。一切现在时态都可以用在 if 之后，而不仅仅是一般现在时。
Lesson 139~140¶
- 宾语从句¶
用 when/where/what/why/how/if/whether 引导的宾语从句，
疑问词不能省略。被引导的宾语从句应该以陈述句的形式出现。
I don't know when I'll finish.
Lesson 141~142¶
- 被动语态(The passive)¶
被动句中，主语是动作的承受着。使用被动语态的目的是避免使用不明确的词(anyonye/someone)作为主语， 或者将说话的重点放在事件而不是造成该事件的人或者物。
被动语态的构成：
一般现在时形式： am/are/is + 过去分词
The room is aired regularly.
The knives are shrpened regularly.
一般过去时形式： was/were + 过去分词
She was dressed in red.
The windows were opened this morning.
表达感情的动词常常可以用于被动语态 amuse/embarrass/worry/suprise/upset/intrest
She is embarrassed.
They were worried.
Lesson 143~144¶
- 被动语态(The passive)¶
被动语态的构成：
现在完成时形式： has/have + been + 过去分词
The basket has already been empied.
Litter baskets have been placed under the three.
一般将来时形式： will/shall + be + 过去分词
The floor will be swept soom.
Anyone who leaves litter in these woods will be prosecuted!