===================== 第一册词汇 ===================== .. contents:: :depth: 2 ---- Lesson 1~4 =================== 基数词1-15 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` Lesson 5~6 ================ .. glossary:: 不定冠词 a/an Lesson 7~8 ==================== 基数词 16-20 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` Lesson 9~10 =================== 基数词 21 22 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` Lesson 11~12 =================== 所有格名词和所有格代词,见 :doc:`nominative-objective-case-genitive` Lesson 13~14 =================== .. code:: the same. same通常与the连用,表示“同一的”、“相同的”。 例句: :: two boys of the same age the same colour. :doc:`number-and-ordinal` Lesson 15~16 ================ 名词的复数形式 - 直接加s,以s结尾加es。 - 名词复数的发音规则 - 结尾发音为清辅音 ``(/s/ʃ/tʃ/除外)`` ,发 ``/s/`` - 结尾发音为浊辅音 ``(/z/ʒ/dʒ/除外)`` ,发 ``/z/`` - 结尾为上面除外的音,发 ``/ɪz/`` - be动词的一般现在时形式,见 :doc:`be` Lesson 17~18 ===================== 名词的复数形式 若名词单数词尾为 ``-f`` 或者 ``-fe(读作/f/)`` ,则复数变为 ``-ves(读作/vz/)`` 。 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` Lesson 21~22 ==================== 人称代词的形式,见 :doc:`nominative-objective-case-genitive` large 与 big,small 与 little 前者不带感情色彩,而后者代表一定的感情色彩。big 有厚重、大人物的意思,little 则表示小而可爱。 Lesson 23~24 ======================= :doc:`number-and-ordinal` desk与table * desk指带有抽屉的桌子,用于办公、读书、写字等等; * table指由若干条腿支撑的平板,没有抽屉,如餐桌、会议桌等。 Lesson 25~26 ================= :doc:`number-and-ordinal` .. glossary:: 定冠词 the 发音 * 在辅音前读/ðə/ * 在原因前读/ðiː/ * 若希望听话者特别注意,就读/ðiː/ 用法 * 有明确所指 * 可与单数可数、复数可数及不可数名词联用 Lesson 27~28 ================== 数字 9999, 10001的写法 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` :ref:`some-and-any` 参见: :ref:`many-and-much` Lesson 29~30 ================= must 是情态助动词,表示“必须”、“应当”,与have to相似,表示不可逃避的义务。在说话人看来,没有选择的余地。 must带有个人色彩,表示说话人的主观意图。 :: You must sweep the floor. (我认为扫地有必要) Lesson 31~32 ================== 数字 200000, 1000000 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` run after 追逐 :: The dog is running after a cat. Lesson 33~34 ================== with 表示“和……在一起”,family表示“家庭成员” :: Mr. Jones is with his family. over 有穿过的意思,还可表示“在……上方(不接触表面)” :: The aeroplane is flying over the river. The sky is over our heads. on 表示“在……上面(接触表面)” :: There is a book on the table. under 表示“在……下面或下方” :: There is a dog under the tree. ship 指海洋中行驶的大船,boat指江河中行驶的小船 aeroplane 为英式英语,airplane 为美式英语,均为正式用语。 plane 为非正式用语。 Lesson 35~36 =================== of 介词,表示“……的” :: This is a photograph of our village. between 介词,表示“在……(两者)之间” :: The village between two hills. along 介词,表示“沿着” :: along the banks of the river. across 介词,表示“通过”某个平面 :: He is swimming across the river. beside 介词,表示“在……旁边” :: beside the pack 短语动词 指后面跟着一个介词或者副词短语的动词,即“动词+介词或副词”。在非正式场合以及惯用语中中,英语存在着用短语动词代替与其同意的单个动词的强烈趋势。 短语动词一般是短小和简单的动作词,连用的介词一般是表示位置和方向的介词。例如 :: along, down, off, on, out, over, under 一个短语动词本身可能有不同的意义。 :: Come in, please.(而不说Enter) The cats are running along the wall. 猫正沿着墙跑。 It's getting dark, We must run alone. 天黑了,我们必须走了。 Lesson 39~40 ======================= .. code:: in front of 在……前面 in the front of 在……前部 Lesson 41~42 ================== - 对于没有扶手的椅子 chair ,使用介词 on - 对于有扶手的椅子 armchair ,使用介词 in .. code:: sit on a chair sit in an armchair 不可数名词 :: cheese, bread, soap, chocolate, milk, sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能使用 a, an 来修饰。 若要表示“一些”的意思,肯定句使用 some, 否定句和疑问句使用 any。 :: Is there andy bread on the table? There isn't any bread. there's some milk. 如果要表示“一块”、“一张”、“一条”等,需要加 a piede of 这类表示数量的短语。 :: a loaf of 一条 a loaf of bread 指西餐中用于切成片吃的面包 a bar of 一条 a bar of chocolate 指长条状的巧克力,一条巧克力 a bottle of 一瓶 a pound of 一磅 Lesson 43~44 =============== behind 介词 与 in front of 互为反义词 Lesson 45~46 =================== a minute 时间状语,表示“一会儿”、“片刻” Lesson 47~48 =================== black 在有些搭配中不译为 黑色 :: black coffee 不加牛奶或者糖的清咖啡 black tea 红茶 white coffee 家牛奶的咖啡 序数词 1st ~ 12th 见:doc:`number-and-ordinal` Lesson 49~50 =================== 序数词 13th ~ 24th 见 :doc:`number-and-ordinal` too 和 either **too adv 也,还** - 常用于肯定句,有时也用于疑问句,但不能用于否定句。 - 常见于句末,too前有逗号; - 若不在句末,too前后都应有逗号。 :: I like lamb, too. Can I come, too? I, too, have been to shanghai. **either adv 也,而且** 一般用于否定句,位于句末,前面通常有逗号 :: He doesn't like the house, and I don't like it, either. If you do not go, I shall not go, either. I haven't seen the film and my sister hasn't either. Lesson 51~52 =================== - :doc:`month-and-season` - :doc:`country-and-nationality` 在某个月份用介词 in - sometimes 有时,间或 - sometime 改天,来日;以前的,某一时间的 Lesson 53~54 ================ .. code:: in the North = in the north of England. North首字母大写,特指应该的北方。 表示一个国家或地区方位的词一般要大写,例如: :: in the East in the West in the South 但是,仅仅表示方位意义的方位词不需要大写,例如: :: a north wind a south windows like ( verb ) and like ( preposition ) - 动词 like 表示 喜欢、想要 - 介词 like 表示 像……一样 .. code:: His car is like mine. She is very like her sister. Lesson 57~58 ==================== 乘坐交通工具 :: by car by boat by bus by plane by sea 步行 :: on foot 此刻 :: at the moment Lesson 59~60 ================== writing paper paper 意味“纸”、“纸张”的时候是不可数名词, 一张纸应该是 a sheet of paper 或 a piece of paper. :: a bottle of glue a box of chalk a bottle of ink Lesson 61~62 ================== fell 和 look都是系动词,和be一样,后面可以跟形容词。 :: fell ill look ill for 引出一段时间,表示某个动作持续多长时间 :: for a week for two hours each day 发烧 :: have a temperature 服用(吃)一片阿司匹林 :: take an aspirin have an aspirin Lesson 63~64 =================== 玩东西 :: play with... 搞出声响 :: make a noise noise是抽象名词。 抽象名词是不可数的,前面加不定冠词a并不意味着1、2、3、4等数目, 只是赋予了那个名词具体的含义,比如一次、一种、一例、一番等等。 :: have a rest take a look at 看...一眼 out of 是介词短语,与in或者 into相对,表示“离开”、“脱离”。 keep 和 remain keep 保持状态、保持;保存;保留;保守;储藏;保管 :: Keep the room warm. He would not be able to keep his job. Please keep the secret. remain 留下;停留;保持不变 :: You world better remain at home. It will remain cold for a couple of days. Lesson 65~66 ================= 由 ``every, this, next`` 开头的时间状语前面通常不加介词 :: this evening next afternoon dad 和 mum 前面如果没有所有格代词或名词所有格做修饰,特指自己的父母亲,要大写。father 和 mather 也是如此。 :: I'm going to meet some friends, Dad. Lesson 67~68 ================== 表示店铺、住宅、公共机构和建筑以及教堂的名字或者某人家的时候,名词所有格后面常不出现它所修饰的名词。 :: at the butcher's = at the butcher's shop the greengrocer's (shop) the hairdresser's (shop) the stationer's the doctor's (office) my mother's (house) St. Paul's (Church) country 表示“农村”的时候,前面一定要加定冠词 the :: the country = the contryside country 国家;国土;故乡;乡下;乡村;乡下的;乡村风味的 :: China is a country with a large population. His mother has always wanted to live in the country. I prefer country life to life in the city. Lesson 69~70 ==================== 数以百计的,表示不确定数量的复数形式。同样还有数以千计的,数以万计的 :: hundreds of ... thousands of ... millions of ... 在明确数量的时候,hundred, thousand, million不加 ``-s`` 。 :: five hundred six thousand two million 这里的at是“出席,在某场合”之意 :: at the race 观看比赛 在表示编了号的东西时,可以用基数词表示顺序 :: car number fifteen Lesson 67 Page 2 Bus no. 332 Question 10 在... 的途中 :: on the way home at 介词表示地点 :: at the bus-stop at the railway station at the butcher's at school at the office at home 用介词 at, on, in 的时间短语 - at 时间短语,见 :ref:`at-time` - on 介词用于周和月份中的任何一天,见 :ref:`on-time` - in 时间短语,见 :ref:`in-time` Lesson 73~74 ==================== 不规则动词的过去式 - go -- went - see -- saw - understand -- understood - take -- took - read -- read/red - drink -- drank - run -- ran - know -- knew - say -- said - put -- put - cut -- cut - eat -- eat - meet -- met - come -- came - lose -- lost - tell -- told - speak -- spoke - find -- found - give -- gave - swin -- swam - have -- had Lesson 75~76 ==================== 一般过去式的时间短语 last + 过去时间 last week/month/year/nignt 一段时间 + ago two minutes/hours/days/weeks/monthes/years ago in + 过去某年 过去时间 + 限定词 yeasterday, yeasterday morning, yesterday evening before + last the week before last, the day before yesterday, the night before last Lesson 77~78 ==================== :ref:`ampm` Lesson 79~80 ==================== :ref:`many-and-much` :ref:`a-lot-of` 参见: :ref:`some-and-any` .. glossary:: not at all at all 用在否定句中,表示“丝毫”、“一点”、“根本”的意思,有强调作用。 We haven't got any meat at all .. glossary:: need need 表示“需要,必须”。佐助动词多用于疑问句和否定句: :: Need I make an appointment? You need not hurry. need 也可以作为实意动词使用,需要人称,数和石台上的变化。疑问句中也需要用助动词 do。例如: :: We need a lot of things this week. He needs some money. Do you need andy sugar? What do they need this week? .. glossary:: 完全动词 have dont's have = haven't got :: We haven't got much tea or coffee. We don't have got much tea or coffee. Lesson 81~82 ==================== .. glossary:: 完全动词 have have 可以替代常用动词,表示 ``eat/enjoy/experience/drink/take`` 等含义。 此时的 have 是行为动词,所以和动作有关,而不表示“具有”状态,因此,此时它可以用于各种时态。 :: Do you have milk in your tea? He's having a bath. We had lunch together today. Lesson 85~86 ================ .. glossary:: never 和 ever never 表示“从无”,“从未”,有强调的含义。 ever 常常用于否定句、疑问句以及表示条件的从句中表示“以往任何时候”,“曾经”、“在任何时候”、“从来”这类意思。 Lesson 87~88 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般时 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | buy | bought | bought | +--------+--------+----------+ | find | found | found | +--------+--------+----------+ | get | got | got | +--------+--------+----------+ | have | had | had | +--------+--------+----------+ | hear | heard | heard | +--------+--------+----------+ | leave | left | left | +--------+--------+----------+ | lose | lost | lost | +--------+--------+----------+ | make | made | made | +--------+--------+----------+ | send | sent | sent | +--------+--------+----------+ | meet | met | met | +--------+--------+----------+ | sweep | swept | swept | +--------+--------+----------+ | tell | told | told | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 89~90 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | cut | cut | cut | +--------+--------+----------+ | put | put | put | +--------+--------+----------+ | read | read | read | +--------+--------+----------+ | set | set | set | +--------+--------+----------+ | shut | shut | shut | +--------+--------+----------+ | do | did | done | +--------+--------+----------+ | come | came | come | +--------+--------+----------+ | give | gave | given | +--------+--------+----------+ | swim | swam | swum | +--------+--------+----------+ | take | took | taken | +--------+--------+----------+ | eat | ate | eaten | +--------+--------+----------+ | go | went | gone | +--------+--------+----------+ | rise | rose | risen | +--------+--------+----------+ | see | saw | seen | +--------+--------+----------+ | speak | spoke | spoken | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 93~94 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | fly | flew | flown | +--------+--------+----------+ :ref:`time-future` Lesson 95~96 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | catch | caught | caught | +--------+--------+----------+ :ref:`plenty-of` Lesson 97~98 ================ 所有格形容词和所有格代词。所有格形容词是限定词,放在名词前与名词构成名词短语,在句中做定语。所有格代词后面不能加名词,在句中做主语、宾语、表语用。 :doc:`nominative-objective-case-genitive` pence - penny 的复数形式 ``It's got a zip.`` 中的 ``it's = it has`` 而非 ``it is`` Lesson 99~100 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | fall | fell | fallen | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 101~102 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | write | wrote | written | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 103~104 ================ paper 当做“试卷”讲的时候,是可数名词。 .. _vocabulary1-lesson-109-110: Lesson 109~110 ================ .. glossary:: 形容词的比较级和最高级 不规则形容词 :: good - better - best bad - worse - worst many/much - more - most little - less - least far - farther - farthest far - further - furthest Lesson 113~114 ================ change 既可以作为动词使用,取“兑换”之意,也可以作为名词使用,取“零钱”之意。 Lesson 117~118 ================ .. glossary:: 寻找 look for 强调动作过程 find 强调寻找的结果 later that morning 那天上午的晚些时候 .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | ring | rang | rung | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 123~124 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | grow | grew | grown | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 127~128 ================ .. glossary:: 不规则动词 +--------+--------+----------+ | 一般式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | +--------+--------+----------+ | read | read | read | +--------+--------+----------+ Lesson 133~134 ================ make 可以表示 “做出某种举动”,意义根据宾语决定。 :: Have you just made a new film, Miss Marsh? make another (film) Lesson 135~136 ================ 结婚 :: get married 将 A 介绍给 B :: introduce A to B Lesson 141~142 ================ 我那 4 岁的女儿 :: My four-year-old daughter 名词和连字符构成了一个复合词,不使用复数形式。 一位中年女士 :: a middle-aged lady 拿出 :: take out 化妆 :: make up her face 收拾好 :: put away .. glossary:: ago 和 before ago 用在过去时的句子里,before 用在完成时的句子里。 :: She had never travelled on a train before. Lesson 143~144 ================ 覆盖着 :: was covered with 环绕着 :: is surrounded by 数以百计的人 :: hundreds of people 去散步 :; go for a walk